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Programs Home : Markle Programs : Project Archives : 2001 : Project Page

Project Archive

Policy for a Networked Society: Policy Participation

Markle Foundation / Internet Governance Project
Date Initiated: November 1999

The Internet Governance Project was designed to promote the public interest in nontraditional, international venues where decisions are increasingly made and standards are set that affect the Internet. These venues - non-governmental organizations such as ICANN and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), and intergovernmental or regional organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the World Intellectual Property Organization - consider such issues as electronic commerce standards, intellectual property, consumer protection, privacy, content regulation, taxation and online jurisdiction.

As the global Internet becomes ever more significant for cross-border commerce and communication, nation-states are increasingly deferring to these organizations, either for guidance in harmonizing national lawmaking or for the actual creation of binding. These entities are making policy that once would have been made by nation-states through traditional processes of legislation and administrative rule-making. This shift in the locus of societal decision-making represents an important development for governance as we know it, yet not necessarily one that will protect the public interest. A key component of Markle's Policy for a Networked Society program, the Internet Governance Project promoted the public interest in a number of ways, such as:

  • Increasing awareness among public interest leaders about how the decisions of non-traditional policy-making entities are affecting their constituencies;
  • Providing useful, cutting-edge policy analysis from scholars and professionals from the law, political science, public policy and other relevant disciplines;
  • Assisting in institution building by working with nontraditional policymaking entities to make them more accountable and democratic as they remain efficient and goal oriented.
An important aspectof The Internet Governance Project, particularly in its initial year of activities, was Markle's effort to increase public participation in the Internet's first official governance body, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). Also please see ICANN-Related Work.

Additional Project Resources
Press Releases

August 31, 2001
International Study Calls for Democratic Elections, Public Participation in Internet Domain Names Management Group

May 4, 2001
Markle Foundation Names Stefaan Verhulst as Director of Expanded Internet Governance Project

February 21, 2001
Markle Foundation Announces Independent Study Of ICANN Elections

October 11, 2000
ICANN ELECTIONS: AN IMPORTANT MOMENT FOR INTERNET GOVERNANCE

March 7, 2000
Markle Foundation Announces Initiative to Enable Non-Profit Groups to More Fully Participate in Internet Governance

November 2, 1999
Markle Foundation Commits More Than $1 Million To Improve Internet Governance, Including Initiatives To Make ICANN More Publicly Accountable

November 2, 1999
pdf icon Markle Foundation Statement (96K)
Zoë Baird
ICANN Annual Meeting
Los Angeles

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Press Clippings

April 29, 2002
"Who can speak for the Internet? More voices would help"
The International Herald Tribune
by Zoë Baird

March 6, 2000
"Report Criticizes Viability of Internet Oversight Panel"
The New York Times

November 15, 1999
"U.S. Official Directs Net Funding, Puts Consumers First"
CNET News.com

November 2, 1999
"Foundation Gives $1 Million for Public Internet Efforts"
The New York Times

November 2, 1999
"Foundation Allots $1 Million for Net Governance"
CNET News.com

August 30, 1999
"Internet Body Feels Democracy's Tug"
The New York Times

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Reports and Publications

September 18, 2002
Enhancing Legitemacy in the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers: Accountable and Transparent Governance Structures
Centre for Global Studies, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
How should the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) reform itself? As the organization begins a process of self-examination and reorganization, this report presents a set of Best Practices to guide the reform efforts. The report chooses three criteria (representation, participation, and accountability), and draws lessons from a number of detailed studies of other global institutions whose structure and organization resemble ICANN. From these case studies, the report suggests a number of steps ICANN could take to enhance its legitimacy. These include increasing the number of delegates from developing countries and civil society; introducing the concept of double majorities into ICANN's voting processes; enhancing transparency by making information publicly available on ICANN's web site; and several other measures that would allow ICANN to better fulfill its mission.

PDF icon  Download Report

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November 2001
Report on the Global, On-line, Direct Elections for Five Seats Representing At-Large Members on the Board of Elections of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
Carter Center Election Monitoring
This report details the electoral process by which the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) conducted an election for five seats on its Board of Directors representing at-large members. The report concludes that, due to serious technical and other problems, the elections were highly flawed. Nonetheless, the overall design structure of the electoral system satisfactorily established the conditions for an acceptable election, and provides valuable lessons for future application.

PDF icon  Download Report

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June 2001
Interim Report of the NGO and ICANN Study (NAIS)
At the root of concerns about ICANN's legitimacy are questions about how best to include the public voice. Yet a number of barriers--both practical and theoretical--make it difficult to establish governance structures for global democracy. This study, held in the wake of ICANN's first At-Large elections, considers some of these barriers, examines the results of the At-Large elections, and recommends steps that can be taken in the future to enhance public participation. In particular, the report suggests expanding the scope of ICANN's operations to include all relevant stakeholders from the non-profit, academic, and for-profit sectors.

PDF icon  Download Executive Report
PDF icon  Download Report
PDF icon  Download Appendices

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March 2000
On the Internet, For the Internet - A Common Cause / Center for Democracy and Technology Report on the ICANN At-Large Elections
Produced shortly before the ICANN At-Large elections, this report identifies fundamental problems with the election plans. In addition, it suggests that the vast majority of the potential At-Large electorate does not even know of ICANN's existence.

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Project Partners
ICANN

World Wide Consortium

World Trade Organization

World Intellectual Property Organization
Related Websites
New York Times Archive of Internet Governance Articles

Reports and Publications
Enhancing Legitemacy in the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers: Accountable and Transparent Governance Structures
Report on the Global, On-line, Direct Elections for Five Seats Representing At-Large Members on the Board of Elections of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
Interim Report of the NGO and ICANN Study (NAIS)
On the Internet, For the Internet - A Common Cause / Center for Democracy and Technology Report on the ICANN At-Large Elections
Related Projects
Internet Governance Project II

ICANN-Related Work
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